Nuxt: Route-rule middleware bypass via case-sensitivity mismatch between vue-router and the routeRules matcher

Impact

Nuxt looks up routeRules for the current navigation by calling getRouteRules({ path: to.path }) from the page-router plugin and the no-pages router plugin. The compiled routeRules matcher (built on rou3) performs case-sensitive matching, while vue-router is configured with its default sensitive: false and matches paths case-insensitively.

The two routers therefore disagree on which rules apply to a given request path: vue-router still matches the page record for /Admin/dashboard, but the routeRules lookup for the same path returns no match. Any appMiddleware declared via routeRules is never added to the middleware set and never runs, on both SSR and client navigations. The same path skips other path-keyed route rules in the same way (ssr, redirect, appLayout, and the prerender / payload hints used client-side).

For applications using routeRules with appMiddleware as an authorization gate (a documented pattern), an attacker can flip the case of any static segment in a protected URL (for example /Admin/dashboard instead of /admin/dashboard) to render the protected page with the middleware skipped. The server returns the fully server-rendered page including any useFetch / useAsyncData results captured during SSR.

This is an instance of CWE-178 (Improper Handling of Case Sensitivity) leading to CWE-863 (Incorrect Authorization) for apps that treat appMiddleware as an authorization boundary.

Mitigating factors

• Only affects apps that use routeRules.appMiddleware. The more idiomatic definePageMeta({ middleware }) is bound to the matched route record and is unaffected.
• Nuxt route middleware is documented as an app-layer concern, not a server-side auth boundary; well-built apps enforce authorization again at the API / data-fetching layer.
• Apps that explicitly set router.options.sensitive = true are not affected.

Patches

Fixed in nuxt@4.4.7 (commit `07e39cd6`) and backported to nuxt@3.21.7 (commit `3f3e3fa7`). The fix normalizes the path used for routeRules lookups so it matches vue-router's default case-insensitive semantics.

Workarounds

Until you can upgrade, you can mitigate by either:

1. Setting router.options.sensitive = true so vue-router matches case-sensitively (this changes route-matching behaviour app-wide). 2. Moving security-critical middleware off routeRules.appMiddleware and onto definePageMeta({ middleware: [...] }) on the protected page components, which is bound to the matched record. 3. Enforcing authorization at the API / data-fetching layer (which you should be doing in any case).

Credit

Reported by Anthropic / Claude through Anthropic's coordinated vulnerability disclosure process. Reference: ANT-2026-9FSEBYMC.